Endocrinology

1-hour OGTT glucose is highly accurate for diagnosing type 2 diabetes

Across five cohorts (n=11,968), 1-hour plasma glucose (1 h PG) showed superior diagnostic performance for type 2 diabetes versus fasting glucose plus HbA1c. Pooled AUC-ROC for 1 h PG was 0.97, compared with 0.85 for fasting glucose plus HbA1c, using ADA criteria as reference. At the IDF cutoff (≥11.6 mmol/L), 1 h PG achieved high sensitivity and very high specificity across cohorts. These data support 1 h PG as a more accurate diagnostic tool than fasting, 2-hour glucose, or HbA1c alone or combined. 1

GLP-1 receptor agonists show little or no effect on obesity-related cancer risk

This meta-analysis pooled 48 randomized placebo-controlled trials including 94,245 participants exposed to GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 RAs probably have little or no effect on thyroid, pancreatic, breast, or kidney cancer risk, with moderate-certainty evidence. They may also have little or no effect on several other obesity-related cancers, though certainty is lower and gastric cancer data are very uncertain. Results were consistent across drug types, including semaglutide and tirzepatide, and across subgroups and sensitivity analyses. Trials were short and not designed for cancer outcomes, so longer-term, dedicated surveillance remains necessary. 2

Multi-factor risk control in type 2 diabetes markedly improves life expectancy

Three nationwide cohorts from China, the US, and the UK included 46,351 adults with type 2 diabetes matched to non-diabetic controls. Only a minority achieved at least five combined guideline targets for lifestyle and metabolic risk factors. At age 50, individuals with ≤1 risk factor outside target lived 6–9 years longer than those with ≥5 out-of-range factors. Patients with ≤1 out-of-range factor had life expectancy comparable to controls without diabetes, underscoring the value of comprehensive management. 3

Metabolic syndrome remains common among US adults through 2023

This NHANES cross-sectional analysis evaluated US adults from 2013 to 2023 to assess trends in metabolic syndrome prevalence. Prevalence and trends were examined across age, sex, and racial or ethnic subgroups. Findings highlight persistent population-level burden of clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in the US adult population. These data reinforce the need for aggressive primary prevention and early risk-factor modification. 4